Red Dress by Alice Munro Essay -- Red Dress Alice Munro

Red Dress by Alice Munro The short story Red Dress by Alice Munro is about a little youngster's first secondary school move. Her home and school condition decided her mentality towards the dance.This young lady's home life was terrible. She was continually put down intellectually by her mom, even before her companion Lonnie, to the point that the storyteller begrudged Lonnie on account that her mom kicked the bucket and she lived alone with her dad. 'I question on the off chance that she acknowledges it.' She irritated me, talking like this to Lonnie, as though Lonnie were grown up and I were as yet a kid. Her mom was foul in the house; the portrayal that is given would make one debilitated. It is said that she didn't deal with herself in the house, and uncovered her knotty veins to the in-house open. This presumably made the storyteller t... Red Dress by Alice Munro Essay - Red Dress Alice Munro Red Dress by Alice Munro The short story Red Dress by Alice Munro is about a little youngster's first secondary school move. Her home and school condition decided her demeanor towards the dance.This young lady's home life was terrible. She was continually put down intellectually by her mom, even before her companion Lonnie, to the point that the storyteller begrudged Lonnie on account that her mom kicked the bucket and she lived alone with her dad. 'I question on the off chance that she acknowledges it.' She incensed me, talking like this to Lonnie, as though Lonnie were grown up and I were as yet a youngster. Her mom was revolting in the house; the depiction that is given would make one wiped out. It is said that she didn't deal with herself in the house, and uncovered her uneven veins to the in-house open. This presumably made the storyteller t...

Business Strategy Game free essay sample

During the playing of the match, the dominate and the lost can be invigorated our colleagues to apply the privilege vital hypotheses to our Company B. By the utilization of Porter’s Five Forces †dealing intensity of purchasers Our technique is to cut the cost of footwear, expanding the publicizing spending plan and offer the big name request to involve more market section. By the utilization of Porter’s Five Forces †dangers of section Our system is to build the level of the better materials use and than increment the quantity of models in marked creation. By the utilization of Porter’s Five Forces †power of contention among existing contenders After procuring of benefit in Year 11 and 12, our technique is to contribute plant limit toward the finish of year 13 in Asia-Pacific on the grounds that the creation cost is lower than in North America. The reject pace of creation is likewise lower than other area. We will compose a custom paper test on Business Strategy Game or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This technique may bring about the minimal effort with adequate amount of footwear to meet the requesting market so as to win contenders. Consequence of our Company B In Year 12, our Overall Score of 109. tied for the third best Overall Score execution of the year, around the world. The arrival on Average Equity our ROE of 34. 2% tied for the 41st best ROE execution of the year. Our organization accomplished a Global Top 50 position no. 1 execution on Overall Game-To-Date Score in Year 13. Our Overall Score of 109. 5 tied for the best Overall Score execution of the year. In Year 14, our organization accomplished a Global Top 100 execution on Overall Game-To-Date Score. Our Overall Score of 105. 5 tied for the 86th best Overall Score execution of the year. In Year 16, our organization returned back to Global Top 50 execution on Overall Game-To-Date Score. Our Overall Score of 107. 5 tied for the 30th best Overall Score execution of the year, around the world. Our Earnings Per Share of $12. 17 is the 24th best EPS execution of the year, around the world. The finish of this report is to assess our procedures and to make proposals. Presentation Team individuals from four structures a Company B to play this animated game from year 11 to year17. This Company B is a rundown organization to make and sell various brands of athletic footwear around the globe. Our vision, strategic, bookkeeping information and pay explanation are appeared in Appendix 1. The job and duties of our Board of Directors are as association outline in Appendix 2. Before start the game, our individuals consent to utilize Porter’s Five Forces to investigation and develop the privilege vital situation to dominate the match. Our procedure is to begin with low cost with expanding the promoting spending plan and offer the big name claim to involve more market section. The cost and item advantages of our organization are posted in Strategy Clock in Appendix 3. In the event that our organization can procure adequate store, it is proposed to expand creation in Asia-Pacific (AP) district. It is on the grounds that the creation cost in AP is lower than in North America (NA). During the game, Industry Scoreboard is our fundamental pointer which shows us our methodologies right or wrong. Another pointer is the Market Snapshot which can show our competitor’s expectation in methodologies. Any adjustment in our methodologies depends on Porter’s Five Forces to examination and execute the market, and supplement with the aftereffects of Industry Scoreboard and Market Snapshot. At long last, utilization of â€Å"green† Footwear-Making materials and Ethics Training to all representatives is proposed for the great picture of our Company B. Execution Analysis and Evaluation By the utilization of Porter’s Five Forces model to investigation the athletic footwear showcase around the globe; our methodology is to cut the cost of footwear in the Year 11 and 12, and to build financial plan of notice and to offer superstar supports so as to help the business volume in a serious industry . On the off chance that the business volume is expanded, the stock may change to money. Our organization may then put resources into Asia-Pacific (AP) plant and diminishing the creation in North America (NA) area. It is on the grounds that the expense of creation in AP is lower than in NA and creation dismiss rate is additionally low in AP. The presentation examination in Year 11 The footwear-production was changed to utilize the â€Å"green† materials and gave 1% of pre-charge benefit as altruistic commitments. In contrast and different rivals in the marked deals advertise, a marginally increment in cost in the web deals and discount markets were added to suit markets request however the costs were still lower than the business sectors. In marked creation, improved styling/highlights was expanded from $10k per model to $12k and $14k in NA plant and AP plant individually. In private-mark creation, AP plant expanded the rate from 25 to 26 to the predominant materials use and furthermore expanded the styling/highlights from $5 to $7 per model. For the S/Q rating of sets, 3 stars were expanded to 4 stars to the NA and AP plants. The private-name sets to be made in AP plant were significantly expanded from 394,000 to 800,000 to suit the market need. Along these lines, the proposed shipment from AP plant to EA and AP stockrooms were likewise expanded from 185,000 to 476,000 and 285,000 separately. Due to our expanded in amount of creation, our offer costs to private-name were additionally lower to $30 in EA and AP markets. The assessment in Year 11 Our technique was propped up on the low cost arrangement by the utilization of Porter’s Five Forces model-purchaser haggling power, expanding the promoting spending plan and offer the VIP advance to involve more market section. The exhibition investigation in Year 12 Ethics Training† to the directors level was presented with the goal that business level administration could assume the correct liability. For the marked deals showcase, our costs were as yet set underneath the present market costs yet the S/Q rating were changed to 5 stars to all business sectors. For the animated the NA and EA advertises, the models were likewise somewhat expanded in NA, EA and AP. This was the first run through to expand the superstar appear to all business sectors from the scope of 130 to 170. Because of the high creation cost in NA plant, the significant creation line would be moved to AP plant. So as to accomplish high caliber, the utilization of better materials from half than 60%, the quantity of models from 200 to 250, the upgraded Styling/Features from $14k per model to $16k and the Best Practice Training were expelled from NA plant to AP plant at $1,300 per specialist. The discount costs were raised to $44 $45 to all business sectors however our set costs were not the most elevated. â€Å"Tiger Green† and â€Å"Jose Montana† were bidden for VIP underwriting. The private-mark sets to be made were expanded from 800,000 to 1,600,000. Because of the expanded creation in AP plant, shipment to NA, EA, AP and LA stockrooms were expanded to 147,000, 800,000, 300,000 and 197,000 individually to decrease the vehicle cost and to balance out the trade rates. From the date of private-mark offers in Year 11, the offer amount was drastically expanded from 476,000 to 880,000. The offer costs were additionally marginally expanded. The assessment in Year 12 Our low value strategy, extended the market sections by methods for promotion and bade for superstar underwriting were again sealed productive achievement and recorded in the Top 50 position no. 3 (see Appendix 4 Year 12). The exhibition investigation in Year 13 Ethics preparing was given to all representatives since it was sealed effectively to all administrators. For the marked deals estimate, the costs of web deals and discount costs were marginally expanded and it was wanted to build the business income. Simultaneously, models accessible were likewise expanded in the discount markets. So as to diminish our use, discount offers were decreased to all business sectors. For the marked creation, the better materials use was decreased than 55% and the best work on preparing was likewise diminished from $1,300 per laborer to $500 in AP plant. In the utilization of unrivaled materials use and S/Q rating were expanded in the quality in NA plants private-mark creation. Subsequent to considering of EA and AP markets for private-name offer, just the amount was expanded from 300,000 to 340,000 and the offer costs from $31 to $33 in EA showcase, from $32 to $33 in AP advertise were balanced. The assessment in Year 13 Our Company B granted the Top 50 position no. 1 on the planet (see Appendix 4 Year 13). Our significant technique was animated the deals to possess more market fragment and expanded the creation amount in AP plant and decreased in NA plant. It was the method of our system to expand the business income and to decrease the creation cost. Our technique met our desire in the market. The presentation investigation in Year 14 The workforce decent variety program was applied. After investigation different contenders, scaled down the cost in the web deals yet expanded the costs of every discount cost were applied. Promoting spending plan was expanded from $6,000k to $7,000k in EA showcase, from $3,500k to $5,000k in AP advertise and from $4,000k to $5,000k in LA advertise. Discount Offer was expanded in the EA, AP and LA markets. For the marked creation, the predominant materials use was changed from 55% to 58% in AP plant. The impetus pay was likewise raised from 0 to 0. 3 for each non-dismissed pair in NA plant and 0. 8 to 0. 9 in AP plant. The best work on preparing was raised from $500 per laborer to $800 in AP plant. The marked combined to be fabricated was diminished from 2,000k to 1,500k in NA plant so as to lessen the significant expense. Our marked delivery system was changed NA plant shipment to EA stockroom and AP plant shipment to NA and LA distribution centers. For the private-mark creation, the decrease of prevalent materials usa

How the epic poem Iliad influenced Alexander the Great Research Paper

How the epic sonnet Iliad affected Alexander the Great - Research Paper Example The paper How the epic sonnet Iliad affected Alexander the Great expresses the impact of Iliad to Alexander the Great. All things considered, Iliad’s world was a universe of valor for Alexander. Homer’s saints - particularly, Achilles-had impacted the youthful psyche of Alexander in his childhood. In any case, this world likewise showed him ethical quality and fearlessness to a significant degree. It was the fortitude of Achilles’ mental fortitude - to conflict with Agamemnon’s tyrannous, irrational and dictatorial conduct that roused Alexander to speak more loudly regularly against his father’s regal strategies. Despite the fact that he acquired a great part of the war-strategies and the astuteness of battling and winning a war from his dad Philip of Macedon, literary confirmations from the â€Å"Iliad† show that a critical piece of Alexander’s war-strategies had been incited and balanced by the war-strategies of Homeric legends. This paper will investigate into how Alexander had been affected by Homer’s epic sonnet ‘Iliad’. Alexander’s genuine exercises will be contrasted and the printed proves in the sonnet. During the early stages of his initial life Alexander had been enormously affected by the â€Å"Iliad†. Since his time, he has transformed into an amazing character. He appears to one of the most powerful verifiable characters who restrained the world by their mental fortitude. However, this incredible character himself has been enlivened hugely by the Greek folklores and legends. During the early long stretches of his life, Alexander examined the ‘Iliad’. The fortitude and chivalry of the Greek heroes.... The boldness and valor of the Greek legends in the story were significantly forming the youthful brain of Alexander. Particularly the Homeric saint Achilles pulled in him so much that he chose to mirror him in his reality. Till his demise, the Achillean inspiration to battle in a war has frequented Alexander’s mind. This Achillean inspiration is best portrayed in the accompanying discourse of Achilles: â€Å"If I hold over here and I lay attack to Troy,/my excursion home is gone, however my brilliance never bites the dust. /If I journey back to the mother country I love,/my pride, my greatness kicks the bucket. . . .†1 The well known Historian Plutarch remarks that being satisfied by Alexander’s energy for Achilles, Aristotle himself arranged an explained duplicate the ‘Iliad’ and offered it to the little youngster. This clarified duplicate of the Iliad went with Alexander till the most recent day of his life. He even laid down with it under his cush ion, as Chris Whitten says in such manner: â€Å"Emulating the acclaimed legend was evidently empowered by his instructor, the incredible rationalist Aristotle†¦.Aristotle by and by commented on a duplicate of the Iliad for Alexander. Alexander kept it with him all through the entirety of his later ventures, in any event, laying down with it under his pillow.†2 Another occasion in Alexander’s life propelled him to form his life after Achilles. His mom, Olympias, had the option to persuade youthful Alexander that he was the relative of Achilles and Hercules. Despite the fact that Olympias’s story is by all accounts a sheer dream, it shook Alexander’s youthful brain eagerly and set him up intellectually to keep the fantasized Achillean gallant family custom unblemished. Iliad’s Role on Alexander’s Conflict with Philip II From the earliest reference point of his vocation in the Macedonian Army, Alexander started to respond against

Gibsons Differentiation Theory of Perceptual Development - 825 Words

Gibsons Differentiation Theory of Perceptual Development (Essay Sample) Content: Gibsons TheoryName:Institution:Gibsons TheoryIt is the nature of human beings to form some idea of the environment depending on the stimuli he attends to. Various processes play a role in the formation of the notion. Though some may be innate, most of them seem to be learned, and the aspect of learning the way of perceiving is referred to as perceptual learning. There are two theoretical explanations for perceptual learning. The first approach focuses much on the fact that the environment avails most of the information that is needed for perception to take place. The theory explains knowledge regarding using the information attained from the environment efficiently. This approach was brought forward by Gibson, and it is referred to as Gibsons' Differentiation Theory of Perceptual Development.The second theory dwells much on the idea that the environment supplies inadequate information. It, therefore, explains perceptual learning as the process of learning to create mo re extrapolations using the limited information from the environment. This theory was brought forward by theorists and transaction lists such as Bruner. The two theories have different points along a series of approaches depending on the amount of information that the environment supplies. However, it is the work of research studies to inform us the points in the series that presents the best explanation for perceptual processes in varying situations. This paper, however, will seek to describe and explain the Gibsons Differentiation Theory of Perceptual Development, citing its importance.Gibsons national position is a perceptual diversity philosophy that states that perceptual learning is knowing how to acquire information from the sensory data availed by the environment (Adolph Kretch, 2015). The theory considers the environment as a source of abundance information. For a human being to make the information sensible and useful, it is important he or she learns how to respond to di fferent characteristics of the stimuli. For instance, when a baby hears people talking to him for the first time, probably, to him it sounds like the mass of insensible sounds that are undifferentiated. As time lapses, the baby learns and is capable of picking out the different features, the sounds that can help him in discriminating words, meanings, as well as other elements of the language.It may be deducted that, according to Gibson, perceptual learning, therefore, is made up of two components. The first element is that people have to learn the distinctive features in stimuli, for example, the criteria used to differentiate a bad wine from a good wine. The second component is that the person has to learn how to utilize the distinctive characteristics to be able to discriminate valuable objects that are relevant. At the beginning of the process of perception, a person may already be capable of identifying the distinctive characteristics. If this is the case, therefore, perceptual learning can take place, since the person is only required to learn the way he can use these characteristics. The memory of an item is mainly perceived as being stored regarding the invariant patterns and distinctive features, on the contrary, to merely a copy of the stimuli that is unanalyzed.For a person to learn how to identify and respond to the unique features, various processes such as abstraction have to be involved. Abstraction is the capability of selecting and ignoring the irrelevant variables, giving attention to the chosen ones only. The process of abstraction includes discriminating casual relationships or elements. For instance, when learning languages, people learn to abstract out (identify) distinct sounds regardless of the modifications in speed, loudness, or pitch. Furthermore, filtering out an irrelevant feature in learning how to ignore the parts of inspiration that are not significant and important to the needed perception, since pitch may not be relevant to the understanding of various language parts (Quinnell Mercer University, 2015). According to Gibson, Selective attention refers to the tentative activity of the organs involved in sensin...

Annotated Bibliography Plagiarism - 39529 Words

Plagiarism Bibliography Buckwalter, J. A., Wright, T., Mogoanta, L. and Alman, B. (2012), Plagiarism: An assault on the integrity of scientific research. J. Orthop. Res., 30: 1867 1868. Granitz, N. and Loewy, D. (2007). Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 293-306. Luke, B. and Kearins, K. (2012), Attribution of words versus attribution of responsibilities: Academic plagiarism and university practice. Vaccine, 30(50): 7131-7133. Rushby, N. (2013), Plagiarism. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44: 3 4. Vitse, C. L. and Poland, G. A. (2012), Plagiarism, self-plagiarism, scientific misconduct, and VACCINE: Protecting the science and the public. Organization, 19(6): 881- 889. Global Health Bibliography Carabali, J. M. and Hendricks, D. (2012), Dengue and health care access: the role of social determinants of health in dengue surveillance in Colombia. Global Health Promotion, 19(4): 45-50. Deguen, S., Sà ©gala, C., Pà ©drono, G. and Mesbah, M. (2012), A New Air Quality Perception Scale for Global Assessment of Air Pollution Health Effects. Risk Analysis, 32(12): 2043-2054. Hassoun, N. (2012), Global Health Impact: A Basis For Labeling And Licensing Campaigns?. Developing World Bioethics, 12: 121 134. Mackey, T. M. and Liang, B. A. (2012), Promoting global health: utilizing WHO to integrate public health, innovation and intellectual property. Drug Discovery Today, 17(23-24): 1254 1257.Show MoreRelatedPersonal Reflection1034 Words   |  5 PagesPlagarism is not allowed in any form while working towards a doctorate degree. All NCU students have to be cognizant that improper Paraphrasing is not permitted either. At least one work in the semester is run through a software to check for plagiarism. If plagiarism is detected students will receive sanctions up to termination from school. 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Does Racism Still Exist - 1116 Words

Floyd Hopsin â€Å"Does Racism Still Exist?† August 28, 2015 Racism? What is racism truly, did it just come about one day and someone used the word race and add ism. Was it formed for people to declare what discrimination is? The United States have been acting like the evidence against racism is un-factual not realizing this has been going on since the beginning of the Civil war. Slavery, is basically described as separate and unequal. From busses, trains, water fountains to now the workplace, housing discrimination, and financial discrimination. The millions of bias and stereotyping have plagued the United States and the health of the nation’s actual health of its society. Instead of dealing with the issue giving an actual form of treatment instead they hide behind this broken back as if its simple muscle spasm, give it some muscle relaxers and keep it pushing. The effort was to treat or reduce the agonizing symptoms of the break rather than fix it. Wasn’t the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution supposed to extend civil and legal protections to former slaves and other races today, what actually happened was they eased the pain, but the back was still broken. Then came the anti-lynching laws that was scattered to the hundreds of lynch mobs. But, now from the 1970’s the pain flared up again with beatings, bombings and assassinations. From Martin Luther King Jr. to the latest killings of Trayvon to Mike. I know what you’re thinking, â€Å"How can I compareShow MoreRelatedDoes Racism Still Exist?1549 Words   |  7 PagesDoes racism still exist? This is one of the countless controversies between people today in which many people might answer â€Å"no†. Others may agree with Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, a sociology professor at Duke University. Bonilla-Silva argues that racism still exists, but has become more subtle since the end of segregation. Bonilla-Silva refers to this new racism as color-blind racism. 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Cross Cultural Perspective Of Polygyny Essay Example For Students

Cross Cultural Perspective Of Polygyny Essay A Cross Cultural Perspective of Polygyny As an institution, polygyny, the social arrangement that permits a man to have more than one wife at the same time, exists in all parts of the world. From our present knowledge, there are very few primitive tribes in which a man is not allowed to enter into more than one union. In fact, ethologists now believe that only one to two percent of all species may be monogamous (Tucker). None of the simian species are strictly monogamous; our closest relatives, the chimpanzees, practice a form of group marriage. Among the 849 human societies examined by the anthropologist Murdock (1957), 75% practiced polygyny. Many peoples have been said to be monogamous, but it is difficult to infer from the data at our disposal whether monogamy is the prevalent practice, the moral ideal, or an institution safeguarded by sanctions (Malinowski 1962). Historically, polygyny was a feature of the ancient Hebrews, the traditional Chinese, and the nineteenth-century Mormons in the United States, but the modern practice of polygyny is concentrated in Africa, the Middle East, India, Thailand, and Indonesia. The extent to which men are able to acquire multiple wives depends on many factors, including the economic prosperity of the man’s family, the prevailing bride price, the differential availability of marriageable females, the need and desire for additional offspring, and the availability of productive roles for subsequent wives. Even in societies that permit polygyny, the conditions of life for the masses make monogamy the most common form of marriage. The two variations of polygyny are sororal (the cowives are sisters) and nonsororal (the cowives are not sisters). Some societies also observe the custom of levirate, making it compulsory for a man to marry his brother’s widow. It must be remembered that any form of polygyny is never practiced throughout the entire community: there cannot exist a community in which every man would have several wives because this would entail a huge surplus of females over males (Malinowski 1962). Another important point is that in reality it is not so much a form of marriage fundamentally distinct from monogamy as rather a multiple monogamy. It is always in fact the repetition of marriage contract, entered individually with each wife, establishing an individual relationship between the man and each of his consorts (Benson 1971). Where each wife has her separate household and the husband visits them in turn, polygynous marriage resembles very closely a temporarily interrupted monogamy. In such cases, there is a series of individual marriages in which domestic arrangements, economics, parenthood, as well as legal and religious elements do not seriously encroach on each other. The polygyny with separate households is more universally prevalent. Among the great majority of the Bantu and Hamitic peoples of Africa, where the number of wives, especially in the case of chiefs, is often considerable, each wife commonly occupies a separate hut with her children, and manages an independent household with well-defined legal and economic rights (Pasternak 1976). Where, on the other hand, as among many N. American tribes, two or more wives share the same household, polygyny affects the institution of matrimonial life much more deeply. Unlike wives in many other African groups who live in their own huts, Ijaw wives have apartments within one large structure and our brought into much more frequent contact with their co-wives (Rosaldo 1974). Various theories have been advanced to explain the cultural endorsement of polygyny. One of the earliest explanations was based on the notion that men have a greater disposition for variety in sexual partners than do women (Tucker). Many ethologists believe that there is a sociobiological imperative for men to have as many sexual partners as possible (Sayers). While this theory is of historical interest, there exists no empirical support for the greater sex drive of the male, nor is there any reason to expect the male sex drive to vary from one culture to another. Women are just as naturally interested in sex, perhaps even more so. Women can be multi- orgasmic and have a much broader range of sexual stimulation than men. Non-monogamy is reproductively savvy for males in order to spread their genes, and for females in order to improve the hardiness and genetic variety of their offspring (Benson). It has also been suggested that polygyny as a marriage form evolved in response to lengthy postpartum sex taboos because polygyny provides a legitimate sexual outlet for the husband during this period of taboo (Whiting). Whiting discovered that societies dependent on root and tree crops (presumably low protein societies) are more likely to have a long postpartum sex taboo, and there did seem to be a statistical association between the presence of this taboo and a preference for polygyny. While men may seek other sexual relationships during the period of a long postpartum taboo, it is not clear why polygyny is the only possible solution to the problem, since the legitimation of sex does not depend exclusively on marriage. The problem could be alleviated by extra-marital alliances or masturbation. The existence of a low sex ratio, a scarcity of men in relation to women, has also been offered as an explanation for the origin of this practice (Pasternak 1976). Polygyny maximizes the opportunities for females to marry in a society in which adult males are in short supply. The fact that the sex ratio at the same time of young adulthood is numerically balanced in some societies suggests that while a sex ratio imbalance may contribute to the development of polygyny in special cases, it is an incomplete explanation for the existence of polygyny in the majority of societies in the world. For example, plural marriage developed among the Mormons in Utah when, as in most of the western states of the United States, there was an excess of males. The theory that has stimulated the most empirical investigation links the existence of polygyny to the productive value of the woman. According to this theory, the occurrence of polygyny is positively related to the extent to which women contribute to the subsistence bases of their respective societies (Pasternak 1976). However, further research suggests that the relationship between women’s economic contribution and marriage form is more complex and that there exists a curvilinear relationship between women’s productive value and the existence of polygyny (Rosaldo 1974). Polygyny has been found to be a feature of economic systems where potential female contribution to subsistence is high (such as in gathering and agricultural economies). In many African communities, the chief derives his wealth from the plurality of his wives, who by means of the produce of their agricultural labor enable him to exercise the lavish hospitality upon which so much of his power rests. The practice has also been found in economic systems, however, where potential female contribution is low (such as hunting and fishing economies). African Reaction Essay The notion that mothers in polygynous unions develop extraordinary close ties with their children because of the father’s absence is not supported (Tucker). Although an African husband can expect to have his wife or wives supporting themselves and working for him, he has very little claim to his children. Female farming and polygyny are nearly always coupled with â€Å"matrilineal descent,† meaning that heritage is traced only through the mother’s line. Often children bear their mother’s name. The result is that marriages are relatively transient and divorce is common. In African divorce, the husband obtains certain domestic and sexual services from the wife, but her other loyalties and her offspring always belong to her lineage (meaning her natal family). If there is divorce, the lineage will care for her and her children. She is not â€Å"absorbed† into her husband’s lineage. In Stanleyville (the Congo), well over half of those who had been married had also been divorced. According to one calculation, Hausa women (in Nigeria) average about three marriages between puberty and menopause. Eight out of ten persons over 40 years of age in a Yao village (Nyasaland) were found to have been divorced. In the Voltaic group of the Mossi, men who have migrated to neighboring Ghana may establish households with the Ashanti women but avoid marriage because the Ashanti matrilineal descent pattern would not let them take their own children back with them. In patrilineal or â€Å"dual descent† societies, by contrast, marriages are stable. Illegitimacy is also regarded differently since children belong to the mother’s line anyway. Early illegitimacy can even have a positive aspect, since it proves fertility. (Malinowski 1962) Some believe that polygyny is linked with HIV and Hepatitis C. In places like Rwanda and Burundi, polygyny decreases infection by allowing women for whom there are not enough available marriageable mates (due to war, violence, imprisonment, etc.) to be married to the few available marriageable men and be sexually fulfilled without having to find sex promiscuously or turning to prostitution to find fulfillment or support themselves. Those who keep their sexual and body fluid activities within their bonded polygynous marriages do not spread or acquire HIV. The false hope placed in condoms (which have a 20% one-out-of-five failure rate according to the FDA and our Public Health Depts. ) results in far more deaths from these diseases than such deaths from polygyny (Sayres). Although antecedents to the occurrence and maintenance of polygyny vary from society to society, ideology and customs develop once polygyny is adopted that contribute to its perpetuation long after the original reason for the practice disappears. In traditional societies that have encouraged plural marriages in the past, however, the trend is moving toward monogamy. In some cases, this movement occurs in stages, and in other cases, polygyny is permitted but discouraged by recognizing the first marriage as legal and relegating additional wives to the status of concubines. The explanation most commonly advanced for this movement away from polygyny is that monogamy is more compatible with industrialization (Benson 1971). Of course, the role of ideology and the banning of polygyny must also be considered as factors contributing to the decline of the practice. Some American men take the position that monogamy protects the rights of women. However, are these men concerned with liberation movements from the suffragists of the early twentieth century to the feminists of today? The truth of the matter is that monogamy protects men, allowing them to â€Å"play around† without responsibility. Easy birth control and easy legal abortion has opened the door of illicit sex to woman and she has been lured into the so-called sexual revolution. Nevertheless, she is still the one who suffers the trauma of abortion and the side effects of the birth control methods. Taking aside the plagues of venereal diseases, herpes and AIDS, the male continues to enjoy himself free of worry. Men are the ones protected by monogamy while women continue to be victims of men’s desires. Polygyny is very much opposed by the male dominated society because it forces men to face up to responsibility and fidelity. It forces them to take responsibility for their polygynous inclinations, and protects and provides for women and children. The bottom line in the marriage relationship is good morality and happiness, creating a just and cohesive society where the needs of men and women are well taken care of. The present Western society, which permits free sex between consenting adults, has give rise to an abundance of irresponsible sexual relationships, an abundance of â€Å"fatherless† children, many unmarried teenage mothers; all becoming a burden on the country’s welfare system. In part, such an undesirable welfare burden has given rise to a bloated budget deficit, which even an economically powerful country like the United States cannot accommodate. We find that artificially established monogamy had become a factor in ruining the family structure, and the social, economic, and political systems in this country. Polygyny has been practiced by mankind throughout the world for thousands of years. It has been proven advantageous economically and politically for both males and females. Having other cowives lets women share the economic and domestic responsibilities of the household, it allows independence from the husband, and also the freedom from fulfilling constant sexual needs of the male. In some cases, polygyny allows women to achieve a higher status within her community that she normally could not achieve in a monogamous relationship. Polygamous relationships serve as an alternative to single loneliness, fatherless children, and increasing violence and juvenile crime in families where the father has left. Polygyny has proven itself to be an advantage to a host of societies and cultures. Anthropology